Zaɓin Na'urorin Kariyar Kariya na Zaɓuɓɓuka don Tsarin PV - Nau'ikan SPDs

Samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da hasken rana (PV) muhimmin tushen makamashi ne na sabuntawa kuma yana da gasa sosai a fannin tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta da samar da wutar lantarki ta gargajiya. Ƙananan tsarin PV da aka rarraba, kamar su na'urorin hasken rana na rufin gida, suna ƙara shahara. Tsarin PV na rufin gida ya ƙunshi rarrabawar AC da DC tare da ƙarfin lantarki har zuwa 1500V. Bangaren DC, musamman na'urorin PV, ana iya fuskantar walƙiya kai tsaye a wuraren da ke da haɗari, wanda hakan ke sa su zama masu rauni ga lalacewar walƙiya.

Kariyar walƙiya ga gine-gine an raba ta zuwa kariyar waje (Tsarin Kariyar Walƙiya, LPS) da kariyar ciki (Matsakaicin Kariyar Surge, SPM), bisa ga haɗarin walƙiya. Na'urorin Kariyar Surge (SPDs), a matsayin wani ɓangare na kariyar ciki, suna kariya daga wuce gona da iri na wucin gadi da walƙiya ko ayyukan canzawa ke haifarwa. Ana shigar da SPDs a wajen kayan aikin kariya kuma galibi suna aiki kamar haka: lokacin da babu ƙaruwa a cikin tsarin wutar lantarki, SPD ba ya shafar aikin yau da kullun na tsarin da yake karewa. Lokacin da ƙaruwa ta faru, SPD tana ba da ƙarancin juriya, tana karkatar da kwararar wutar ta cikin kanta kuma tana iyakance ƙarfin lantarki zuwa matakin aminci. Bayan ƙaruwar ta wuce kuma duk wani ragowar wutar lantarki ya mutu, SPD tana komawa zuwa yanayin juriya mai girma.

1. Wurin Shigar da Na'urorin Kariya na Surge (SPD)

Ana ƙayyade wurin shigar da SPDs bisa ga matakin barazanar walƙiya kuma bisa ga ra'ayin Yankunan Kariyar Walƙiya (LPZ) a cikin IEC 62305. Ana rage ƙarfin lantarki na ɗan lokaci zuwa matakin aminci, wanda dole ne ya kasance ƙasa da ƙarfin juriya na kayan aikin da aka kare. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto, an sanya SPDs a iyakokin waɗannan yankuna, wanda ya haifar da manufar kariyar ƙaruwar matakai da yawa da ake amfani da su a cikin tsarin ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki. Ga tsarin PV, an mai da hankali kan hana kwararar walƙiya shiga ta gefen AC da DC, don haka yana kare muhimman abubuwan kamar inverters.

2. Azuzuwan Gwaji na Na'urorin Kariya na Surge (SPD)

A cewar IEC 61643-11, an rarraba SPDs zuwa nau'ikan gwaji guda uku bisa ga nau'in bugun walƙiya da aka tsara don jure wa. Gwaje-gwajen Nau'i na I (wanda aka yiwa alama da T1) an yi su ne don kwaikwayon kwararar walƙiya mai ɓangare wanda za a iya gudanar da shi cikin gini. Waɗannan suna amfani da siffar raƙuman ruwa na 10/350 µs, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na bugun, kuma yawanci ana amfani da su a iyaka tsakanin LPZ0 da LPZ1 - kamar a manyan allunan rarrabawa ko masu samun wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin wutar lantarki. SPDs na wannan matakin yawanci nau'in sauya wutar lantarki ne, tare da abubuwan da ke ciki kamar bututun fitar da iskar gas ko gibin walƙiya (misali, gibin ƙaho ko gibin graphite).

Gwaje-gwajen Nau'i na II (T2) da Nau'i na III (T3) suna amfani da ƙa'idodin ƙayyadadden lokaci. Nau'i na II SPDs galibi na'urori ne masu iyakance ƙarfin lantarki waɗanda ke amfani da abubuwa kamar ƙarfe oxide varistors (MOVs). Ana gwada su da ƙaramin fitarwa ta amfani da siffar raƙuman ruwa na 8/20 µs (duba bugun Hoto), kuma suna da alhakin ƙara iyakance ƙarfin wutar lantarki da ke fitowa daga na'urar kariya ta sama. Gwaje-gwajen Nau'i na III suna amfani da janareta mai haɗakar raƙuman ruwa tare da ƙarfin lantarki na 1.2/50 µs da ƙarfin lantarki na 8/20 µs (duba Hoto a ƙasa), suna kwaikwayon ƙaruwar da ke kusa da kayan aikin amfani da ƙarshe.

3. Nau'in Haɗi na Na'urar Kariya ta Ƙaruwa (SPDs)

Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda biyu na kariya daga wuce gona da iri na lantarki. Na farko shine kariya ta yanayin gama gari (CT1), wanda aka tsara don kare shi daga hauhawar tsakanin masu jagoranci da PE (ƙasa mai kariya). Misali, walƙiya na iya haifar da babban ƙarfin lantarki idan aka kwatanta da ƙasa a cikin tsarin. Kariyar yanayin gama gari tana taimakawa rage tasirin irin waɗannan rikice-rikice na waje, kamar walƙiya, kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.

Na biyu shine kariyar yanayin bambanci (CT2), wanda ke kare daga hauhawar tsakanin mai gudanar da layi (L) da mai gudanarwa mai tsaka tsaki (N). Wannan nau'in kariyar yana da mahimmanci musamman don magance matsalolin ciki, kamar hayaniyar lantarki ko tsangwama da aka haifar a cikin tsarin kanta, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin zane a ƙasa.

Ta hanyar aiwatar da ɗaya ko duka waɗannan hanyoyin kariya, tsarin wutar lantarki zai iya samun kariya mafi kyau daga hanyoyin da za a iya samun ƙaruwar ruwa, wanda a ƙarshe zai ƙara tsawon rai da amincin kayan aikin da aka haɗa.

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa zaɓin hanyoyin kariya na SPD ya kamata ya dace da tsarin ƙasa da ake da shi. Ga tsarin TN, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin kariya na CT1 da CT2. Duk da haka, a cikin tsarin TT, ana iya amfani da CT1 ne kawai a ƙasan RCD. A cikin tsarin IT - musamman waɗanda ba su da mai jagoranci tsaka tsaki - kariyar CT2 ba ta dace ba. Wannan muhimmin la'akari ne a cikin tsarin rarraba DC waɗanda ke amfani da saitunan ƙasa na IT. Ana iya samun cikakkun bayanai a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa.

4. Mahimman Sigogi na Na'urorin Kariya na Surge (SPD)

A bisa ga ƙa'idar ƙasa da ƙasa ta IEC 61643-11, an bayyana halaye da gwaje-gwajen SPDs da ke da alaƙa da tsarin rarraba wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 7.

(1) Matakin Kariyar Wutar Lantarki (Sama)

Mafi mahimmancin al'amari wajen zaɓar SPD shine matakin kariyar ƙarfin lantarki (Up), wanda ke nuna aikin SPD wajen iyakance ƙarfin lantarki tsakanin tashoshi. Wannan ƙimar ya kamata ta fi matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki mai ɗaurewa. Ana isa gare shi lokacin da wutar lantarki da ke gudana ta cikin SPD ta yi daidai da wutar lantarki mai fitarwa ta asali. Matsayin kariyar ƙarfin lantarki da aka zaɓa dole ne ya zama ƙasa da ƙarfin lantarki mai juriya na motsawa Uw na nauyin. A yanayin walƙiya, ƙarfin lantarki a kan tashoshin SPD gabaɗaya ana kiyaye shi ƙasa da Sama. Ga tsarin PV DC, nauyin yawanci yana nufin na'urorin PV da inverters.

(2) Matsakaicin Wutar Lantarki Mai Ci Gaba da Aiki (Uc)

Uc shine matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na DC wanda za'a iya amfani dashi akai-akai a yanayin kariyar SPD. Ana zaɓarsa ne bisa ga ƙarfin lantarki da aka ƙididdige da kuma tsarin ƙasa na tsarin kuma yana aiki a matsayin matakin kunnawa na SPD. Ga ɓangaren DC na tsarin PV, Uc ya kamata ya fi ko daidai da Uoc Max na jerin PV. Uoc Max yana nufin mafi girman ƙarfin lantarki na buɗewa tsakanin tashoshin rayuwa da tsakanin tashar rayuwa da ƙasa a wurin da aka ƙayyade na jerin PV.

(3) Nau'in Wutar Lantarki Mai Fitarwa (A)

Wannan shine ƙimar kololuwar wutar lantarki mai siffar waveform 8/20 μs da ke gudana ta cikin SPD, wanda ake amfani da shi don gwaje-gwajen Nau'i na II da kuma gwaje-gwajen kafin a yi amfani da su a cikin Nau'i na I da Nau'i na IIIEC ta buƙaci SPD ta iya jure wahalhalun wutar lantarki na 8/20 μs aƙalla sau 19. Mafi girman ƙimar In, tsawon rayuwar SPD, amma farashin kuma yana ƙaruwa.

(4) Tushewar Wutar Lantarki (Iimp)

An bayyana shi ta hanyar sigogi uku: kololuwar halin yanzu (Ipeak), caji (Q), da takamaiman kuzari (W/R), ana amfani da wannan wutar a cikin Nau'i na I gwaje-gwaje. Tsarin raƙuman ruwa na yau da kullun shine 10/350 μs.