1. Na yanzu matsayi masana'antar samar da makamashin rana (photovoltaic)

1.1 Ci gaban Saurin Kasuwar Photovoltaic ta Duniya

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana'antar hasken rana ta duniya ta shaida ci gaba mai girma. A cewar bayanai daga Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA), a shekarar 2023, sabon karfin hasken rana da aka shigar a duniya ya wuce GW 350, kuma jimillar karfin hasken rana da aka shigar ya wuce TW 1.5. Kasashe da yankuna kamar China, Amurka, Turai, da Indiya sun zama manyan masu tururuwa a kasuwar hasken rana.

- China: A matsayinta na babbar kasuwar hasken rana ta duniya, China ta ƙara ƙarfin hasken rana sama da GW 200 a shekarar 2023, wanda ya kai sama da kashi 57% na sabbin ƙarfin da aka girka a duniya. Tallafin manufofin gwamnati, ci gaban fasaha, da rage farashi su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban masana'antar hasken rana ta China.

- Turai: Saboda rikicin Rasha da Ukraine, Turai ta hanzarta sauyin makamashinta. A shekarar 2023, sabon karfin hasken rana da aka sanya ya wuce GW 60, tare da karuwar ci gaba a kasashe kamar Jamus, Spain, da Netherlands.

- Amurka: Bisa ƙarfafa gwiwa da Dokar Rage Hauhawar Kumburi (IRA), kasuwar hasken rana ta Amurka ta ci gaba da bunƙasa, tare da sabon ƙarfin da aka sanya na kimanin GW 40 a shekarar 2023.

- Indiya: Gwamnatin Indiya ta himmatu wajen haɓaka makamashin da ake sabuntawa. A shekarar 2023, sabon ƙarfin hasken rana da aka sanya na hasken rana ya wuce GW 20, tare da burin cimma ƙarfin makamashin da ake sabuntawa na GW 500 nan da shekarar 2030.

1.2Ci gaba mai ɗorewa a fasahar photovoltaic

Ci gaba da kirkire-kirkire a fasahar photovoltaic ya haifar da ƙaruwar inganci da rage farashi a samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana:

- Fasahohin batirin masu inganci kamar PERC, TOPCon, da HJT: Kwayoyin PERC (Passivated Emitter da Rear Contact) sun kasance manyan hanyoyin sadarwa, amma fasahar TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) da HJT (Heterojunction) suna faɗaɗa kasuwarsu a hankali saboda ingancinsu na canzawa (>24%).

- Kwayoyin hasken rana na Perovskite: A matsayinsu na fasahar photovoltaic ta zamani, ƙwayoyin perovskite sun cimma ingancin dakin gwaje-gwaje sama da kashi 33% kuma ana sa ran za su yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci a nan gaba.

- Modules na fuska biyu da kuma modules na bin diddigi: Modules na fuska biyu na iya ƙara samar da wutar lantarki da kashi 10% zuwa 20%, yayin da modules na bin diddigi ke inganta kusurwar hasken rana, wanda ke ƙara inganta ingancin tsarin.

1.3The Farashin samar da wutar lantarki ta photovoltaic yana ci gaba da raguwa

A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, farashin samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani ...

1.4 Haɓaka tsarin ajiyar makamashi da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da hasken rana (photovoltaic)

Saboda yanayin samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da hasken rana akai-akai, amfani da tsarin adana makamashi (kamar batirin lithium, batirin sodium-ion, batirin kwarara, da sauransu) tare ya zama abin da ake gani a yanzu. A shekarar 2023, sabbin karfin ayyukan adana makamashi na duniya da hasken rana ya wuce 30 GW, kuma ana sa ran zai ci gaba da samun karuwar tattalin arziki a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.

2. The muhimmanci masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta photovoltaic

2.1 Magance yanayi canji da haɓaka manufofin tsaka-tsakin carbon

Kasashe a duniya suna hanzarta sauya tsarin makamashinsu don rage fitar da hayakin da ke gurbata muhalli. Wutar lantarki ta hasken rana, a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na makamashi mai tsafta, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cimma burin "tsakaita gurbatacciyar iskar carbon". A cewar Yarjejeniyar Paris, nan da shekarar 2030, rabon makamashi mai sabuntawa a duniya yana bukatar isa sama da kashi 40%, kuma makamashin hasken rana zai zama daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samar da makamashi.

2.2 Tsaron makamashi da 'yancin kai

Tushen makamashi na gargajiya (kamar mai da iskar gas) suna da tasiri sosai a fannin siyasa, yayin da albarkatun makamashin rana ke yaɗuwa sosai kuma suna iya rage dogaro da makamashin da ake shigowa da shi daga ƙasashen waje. Misali, Turai ta rage buƙatarta ga iskar gas ta Rasha ta hanyar tura manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki na hasken rana, ta haka ne za ta ƙara 'yancin kanta na makamashi.

2.3 Inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki da samar da ayyukan yi

Sarkar masana'antar hasken rana ta hasken rana ta ƙunshi hanyoyi da yawa kamar kayan silicon, wafers na silicon, batura, kayayyaki, inverters, brackets, da kuma ajiyar makamashi, waɗanda suka samar da miliyoyin ayyukan yi a duk duniya. Ma'aikatan kai tsaye a masana'antar hasken rana ta hasken rana ta China sun wuce miliyan 3, kuma masana'antun hasken rana a Turai da Amurka suma suna faɗaɗa cikin sauri.

2.4 Samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara da kuma rage talauci

A ƙasashe masu tasowa, ƙananan na'urorin lantarki na hasken rana na photovoltaic da tsarin hasken rana na gidaje suna samar da wutar lantarki ga yankuna masu nisa da kuma inganta yanayin rayuwar mazauna. Misali, "Tsarin Gida na Rana" a Afirka ya taimaka wa miliyoyin mutane su tsere daga yanayin rashin wutar lantarki.

3.Bukatar na'urar kariya mai ƙarfi (SPD) a cikin tsarin hasken rana

3.1 Haɗarin walƙiya da hauhawar da tsarin hasken rana ke fuskanta

Ana sanya tashoshin wutar lantarki na photovoltaic a wurare masu buɗewa (kamar hamada, rufin gida, da tsaunuka), kuma suna da matuƙar rauni ga bugun walƙiya da tasirin wutar lantarki mai yawa. Manyan haɗarin sun haɗa da:

- Harin walƙiya kai tsaye: Harin kai tsaye akan na'urorin photovoltaic ko tallafi, wanda ke haifar da lalacewa ga kayan aiki.

- Walƙiya da ke haifar da walƙiya: Ƙarfin lantarki daga walƙiya yana haifar da ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa a cikin kebul, yana lalata na'urorin lantarki kamar inverters da masu sarrafawa.

- Canjin Grid: Ana iya watsa overvoltage na aiki a gefen grid (kamar ayyukan maɓalli, kurakurai na gajeren lokaci) zuwa tsarin photovoltaic.

3.2 Aikin Na'urar Kare Kariya ta Surge (SPD)

Kariyar hawan jini su ne muhimman kayan aikin kariya daga walƙiya da kuma kariya daga wuce gona da iri a tsarin hasken rana. Manyan ayyukansu sun haɗa da:

- Iyakance ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa na ɗan lokaci: Sarrafa ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa da walƙiya ko canjin grid ke haifarwa a cikin iyaka mai aminci.

- Fitar da kwararar ruwa mai ƙarfi: Da sauri tura kwararar ruwa mai yawa zuwa ƙasa don kare kayan aikin da ke ƙasa.

- Inganta amincin tsarin: Rage lalacewar kayan aiki da lokacin aiki da walƙiya ko ƙaruwar walƙiya ke haifarwa.

3.3 Amfani da SPD a cikin tsarin photovoltaic

Ya kamata a tsara kariyar ƙaruwar lantarki ga tsarin photovoltaic a matakai da yawa:

- Kariya a gefen DC (daga na'urorin photovoltaic zuwa inverter):

- Sanya Nau'in SPD na II a ƙarshen shigar da igiyar don hana walƙiyar da aka haifar da kuma ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa.

- Sanya Nau'in I + II SPD a ƙarshen shigarwar DC na inverter don magance haɗarin haɗakar walƙiya kai tsaye da ta haifar.

- Kariya a gefen AC (daga inverter zuwa grid):

- Sanya Nau'in SPD na II a ƙarshen fitarwa na inverter don hana kutsewar wutar lantarki ta gefen grid.

- Sanya SPD Nau'i na III a cikin kabad ɗin rarrabawa don samar da kariya ta musamman ga kayan aiki masu mahimmanci.

3.4 Muhimman abubuwan da za a yi don zaɓar masu kare hawan igiyar ruwa

- Daidaita matakin ƙarfin lantarki: Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki mai ci gaba da aiki (Uc) na SPD dole ne ya fi ƙarfin tsarin (misali, tsarin photovoltaic na 1000Vdc yana buƙatar SPD tare da Uc ≥ 1200V).

- Ƙarfin wutar lantarki: Ya kamata wutar lantarki ta SPD ta gefen DC ta kasance ≥ 20kA, kuma matsakaicin wutar lantarki (Imax) ya zama ≥ 40kA.

- Matakin kariya: Dole ne shigarwar waje ta cika kariyar IP65 ko sama da haka, wacce ta dace da yanayi mai tsauri.

- Ka'idojin Takaddun Shaida: Ya dace da IEC 61643-31 (ma'auni don takamaiman SPDs na photovoltaic) da UL 1449 da sauran takaddun shaida na ƙasashen duniya.

3.5 Haɗarin da ka iya tasowa na rashin shigar da SPD

- Lalacewar kayan aiki: Na'urorin lantarki masu inganci kamar inverters da tsarin sa ido suna fuskantar barazanar ƙaruwa kuma farashin gyara yana da yawa.

- Asarar samar da wutar lantarki: Hawan walƙiya yana haifar da rufewar tsarin, wanda ke shafar ribar samar da wutar lantarki.

- Haɗarin gobara: Ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai yawa na iya haifar da gobarar lantarki, wanda hakan ke barazana ga amincin tashar wutar lantarki.

4. na Duniya Yanayin Kasuwar Kare PV Surge

4.1 Ci gaban Bukatar Kasuwa

Tare da karuwar karfin shigarwar na'urorin daukar hoto, kasuwar masu kare kwararar iska ta kuma fadada a lokaci guda. Ana hasashen cewa girman kasuwar na'urorin daukar hoto ta SPD ta duniya zai wuce dala biliyan 2 nan da shekarar 2025, tare da karuwar ci gaban kowace shekara (CAGR) da kashi 15%.

4.2 Alkiblar kirkire-kirkire ta fasaha

- SPD Mai Hankali: An sanye shi da ayyukan sa ido na yanzu da kuma ayyukan faɗakarwar kurakurai, da kuma tallafawa aikin nesa.

- Matakan ƙarfin lantarki mafi girma: SPDs masu ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki mafi girma (kamar 1500V) sun zama ruwan dare.

- Tsawon rai: Yin amfani da sabbin kayan aiki masu mahimmanci (kamar fasahar haɗa sinadarin zinc oxide), yana ƙara juriyar SPDs.

4.3 Manufofi da Tallafin Daidaitacce

- Ka'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar IEC 62305 (Matsayin Kariyar Walƙiya) da IEC 61643-31 (Matsayin Kariyar Hasken ...

- "Bayanan Fasaha don Kariyar Walƙiya na Tashoshin Wutar Lantarki na Photovoltaic" (GB/T 32512-2016) a China ya fayyace buƙatun zaɓi da shigarwa na SPD a sarari.

5.Kammalawa: Masana'antar daukar hoto ba za ta iya yin komai ba tare da masu kare hauhawar ruwa ba

Ci gaban masana'antar hasken rana cikin sauri ya haifar da gagarumin ci gaba a cikin sauyin makamashi na duniya. Duk da haka, ba za a iya yin watsi da bugun walƙiya da haɗarin ƙaruwa ba. Masu kare hasken rana, a matsayin babban garantin aiki lafiya na tsarin hasken rana, na iya rage haɗarin lalacewar kayan aiki yadda ya kamata, inganta ingancin samar da wutar lantarki, da kuma tsawaita tsawon rayuwar tsarin. A nan gaba, tare da ci gaba da haɓaka shigarwar hasken rana da haɓaka grid mai wayo, SPDs masu aiki da inganci masu inganci za su zama muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin tashoshin wutar lantarki na hasken rana.

Ga masu zuba jari a fannin hasken wutar lantarki, kamfanonin EPC da ƙungiyoyin aiki da kulawa, zaɓar masu kariya masu inganci waɗanda suka cika ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya muhimmin ma'auni ne don tabbatar da dorewar aikin tashar wutar lantarki na dogon lokaci da kuma ƙara yawan ribar jari.