Aikin Haɗin gwiwa na Masu Kare Hawan Jini, Masu Katse Da'ira da Fuses a Tsarin Photovoltaic: Binciken Aiki da Tattaunawar Bukatu

Gabatarwa

Tare da saurin ci gaban masana'antar hasken rana ta duniya, aminci da kwanciyar hankali na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana ya zama abin da masana'antu ke mayar da hankali a kai. Tsarin hasken rana yana fuskantar barazanar da ke fuskantar waje na dogon lokaci kuma yana fuskantar barazanar kamar walƙiya, canjin wutar lantarki, da gazawar kayan aiki, wanda zai iya haifar da lalacewar kayan aiki ko ma gobara. Masu kare girgizar ƙasa (SPDs), masu karya da'ira, da fiyus sune manyan na'urorin kariya waɗanda kowannensu ke yin ayyukansu kuma suna haɗin gwiwa da juna don tabbatar da amincin aikin tsarin. Wannan labarin zai yi nazari sosai kan ayyukansu, hanyoyin daidaitawa, da kuma buƙatar samar da ma'ana ga masu amfani da masana'antu.

I. Tsarin "Mai Kisan Ganuwa" Mai Fuskantar Tsarin Hasken Wutar Lantarki

Tashoshin wutar lantarki na photovoltaic suna kama da "mayakan ƙarfe" waɗanda ke aiki a sararin samaniya, suna jure wa gwaje-gwaje daban-daban masu tsauri.

1.1 Matsalolin yajin walƙiya:

Musamman ma, a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, lokacin tsawa ɗaya zai iya gurgunta tsarin da ba shi da kariya.
1.2 Canje-canje a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta wutar lantarki:
A cikin aikin Chile da nake kula da shi, an ƙone kayan aiki da dama saboda ƙaruwar wutar lantarki kwatsam a cikin wutar lantarki.

1.3 Haɗarin gajeren zango:
A bara, wani aiki a Jamus ya fuskanci ɗan gajeren lokaci saboda tsufan kebul, wanda ya kusan haifar da gobara.

Waɗannan haɗarin ba ƙari ba ne. A cewar International Photovoltaic Safety Alliance, sama da kashi 60% na lalacewar tsarin photovoltaic yana faruwa ne saboda rashin isasshen kariyar lantarki.

II. Muhimman Ayyukan Na'urorin Kariya na Surge (SPD)

2.1 Ka'idar Aiki
SPD yana karkatar da ƙarfin lantarki na ɗan lokaci zuwa ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfe mai canza wutar lantarki (MOV) ko bututun fitar da iskar gas (GDT), yana iyakance ƙarfin lantarki a cikin iyaka mai aminci. A cikin tsarin hasken rana, galibi ana shigar da SPDs a wurare masu zuwa:
Gefen DC (tsakanin na'urori da inverter): Don kariya daga walƙiya da walƙiya ke haifarwa.
Gefen AC (tsakanin inverter da grid): Don rage yawan wutar lantarki daga gefen grid.

2.2 Maɓallan Maɓalli
Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki mai ci gaba da aiki (Uc): Dole ne ya dace da matakin ƙarfin lantarki na tsarin hasken rana (kamar 1000V DC ko 1500V DC).
Wutar lantarki mai fitarwa (In/Iimp): Yana nuna ikon fitar da wutar lantarki mai walƙiya, kuma tsarin hasken rana yawanci yana buƙatar 20kA ko sama da haka.
Matakan kariyar ƙarfin lantarki (Sama): Yana ƙayyade girman ƙarfin lantarki da ya rage kuma dole ne ya zama ƙasa da ƙarfin juriya na kayan aikin da aka kare.

2.3 Larura
Hana kayan aiki masu tsada kamar inverters da combiner boxes lalacewa sakamakon ƙaruwar wutar lantarki.
Bi ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya (kamar IEC 6164331, UL 1449) da buƙatun karɓuwa ga tashoshin wutar lantarki na photovoltaic.

Ⅲ.Aiki da zaɓin masu katse wutar lantarki da fiyus

3.1 Mai Katsewar Da'ira
Aiki:
•Kariyar Kariya daga Yawan Kuɗi: Idan wutar lantarki ta wuce ƙimar da aka saita (kamar sau 1.3 na wutar lantarki da aka kimanta), tsarin tafiyar zafi yana aiki.
•Kariyar Gajeren Zagaye: Tsarin tafiyar lantarki yana yanke wutar lantarki ta gajeren zango (kamar 10kA) cikin daƙiƙa kaɗan.

•Halayen Aikace-aikacen don Photovoltaic:
Ya kamata a zaɓi na'urar yanke wutar lantarki ta DC (kamar DC 1000V/1500V).
Ya kamata ƙarfin karyewar ya dace da tsarin gajeriyar wutar lantarki (yawanci ≥ 15kA).

3.2 Fis
Aiki:
Ta hanyar narke sinadarin fise, zai iya ware da'irar da ke da matsala cikin sauri kuma ya kare reshen da ke da alaƙa da jerin.

Fa'idodi:
Saurin katsewa yana da sauri (a matakin microsecond), wanda ya dace da yanayin wutar lantarki mai tsayi.
Ƙaramin girma ne kuma ya dace da akwatunan da ke ɗauke da kayan aiki na yanzu waɗanda ke da ƙarancin sarari.

3.3 Haɗin gwiwa da SPD

SPD ce ke da alhakin kariyar wutar lantarki, yayin da masu katse wutar lantarki/masu kare fis ke da alhakin kariyar da ke akwai.
Idan SPD ta gaza saboda lalacewar wutar lantarki, masu katse wutar lantarki ko masu kare wutar lantarki na iya yanke da'irar da ta lalace nan take don hana gobara.

Ⅳ. Nazarin shari'a game da tsarin kariya mai matakai da yawa

Misali, tashar wutar lantarki ta 1MW ta photovoltaic:
4.1 Kariya a gefen DC
Rassa na jerin sassan: Sanya fiyus (kamar nau'in gPV 10A) ga kowane jeri.
Shigar da akwatin haɗawa: Shigar da Nau'in II SPD (Sama ≤ 1.5kV) da kuma na'urar hura wutar lantarki ta DC (63A).

4.2 Kariya a gefen AC
Ƙarshen fitarwa na inverter: Saita Nau'in 1+2 SPD (Iimp ≥ 12.5kA) da kuma na'urar karya da'irar akwati (250A).

4.3 Kwaikwayon yanayin laifuffuka
Idan walƙiya ta faru: SPD tana sakin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi kuma tana matse wutar lantarki da ke ƙasa da 2kV; idan SPD ta gaza saboda ƙarancin da'ira, mai karya da'ira zai yi rauni.
Idan akwai gajeren da'ira a layi: Fis ɗin yana narkewa cikin 5ms don hana yaɗuwar tasirin tabo na zafi.

Ⅴ. Gargaɗi game da zaɓi da shigarwa

5.1 Zaɓin SPD
Ga ɓangaren DC, ya kamata a zaɓi SPD na musamman ga na'urar ɗaukar hoto (kamar PVSPD) don guje wa matsalar wutar lantarki ta AC SPD ta yau da kullun.
Ya kamata a yi la'akari da iyakokin zafin jiki (Uc yana buƙatar barin gefe a cikin yanayin zafi mai yawa).

5.2 Daidaita Mai Katsewa/Fiyu
Ya kamata ƙarfin karyewa ya fi matsakaicin wutar lantarki ta tsarin (kamar wutar lantarki ta la'akari da kirtani na iya kaiwa 1.5kA).
Ya kamata wutar lantarki mai ƙima ta fis ɗin ta fi sau 1.56 fiye da wutar lantarki mai gajeren zango (Isc) (bisa ga NEC 690.8).

5.3 Shawarwari Kan Haɗa Tsarin
Tsawon wayar da ke tsakanin SPD da mai karya da'ira ya kamata ya zama ≤ 0.5m domin rage ragowar ƙarfin lantarki.
Ya kamata a gudanar da bincike akai-akai na alamun matsayin SPD, kuma a maye gurbin sassan da suka gaza akan lokaci.

Ⅵ. Yanayin Masana'antu da Sabuntawa na yau da kullun
• Bukatar ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa: Tare da amfani da tsarin hasken lantarki na 1500V, matakan ƙarfin lantarki masu jurewa na SPDs da masu katse wutar lantarki suna buƙatar a ƙara su daidai gwargwado.

• Kulawa ta Hankali: Ana amfani da na'urorin SPD masu hankali waɗanda ke haɗa na'urori masu auna zafin jiki da ayyukan sadarwa mara waya a hankali don cimma gargaɗin gaggawa game da kurakurai daga nesa.

• Ƙarfafawa ta yau da kullun: Sabuwar sigar IEC 625482023 ta sanya ƙa'idodi masu tsauri kan na'urorin kariya ga tsarin hasken rana.

Kammalawa
A cikin tsarin hasken rana, masu kare wutar lantarki, masu karya da'ira da fiyus sun ƙunshi cikakken tsarin kariya ta haɗin gwiwa "ƙarfin lantarki-current". Zaɓi da daidaitawa daidai na waɗannan abubuwan ba wai kawai zai iya tsawaita rayuwar kayan aiki da rage farashin aiki da kulawa ba, har ma suna da muhimman sharuɗɗa don tabbatar da amincin aiki na tashoshin wutar lantarki. Tare da haɓaka fasaha, haɗakar waɗannan na'urorin kariya za su ƙara inganta amincin tsarin hasken rana a nan gaba.